היו לפניו שתי תפלות אחת של מוסף ואחת של מנחה מתפלל של מנחה ואחר כך של מוסף שזו תדירה וזו אינה תדירה
Interesting little observation on this halachic tidbit. This seems to be a blanket statement which applies across the board to ראש חודש, חול המועד. שבת and יום טוב. When it comes to שבת or יום טוב, one might have suggested that since the structure of the תפילה has changed, the מנחה is no more תדיר than מוסף. That is to say, we say מנחה of שבת just as often as we say מוסף of שבת. Nevertheless, we see that is not the case. Despite the change in structure, we still judge the overall regularity of מנחה in whatever form it may take. I can’t think of any other case where this rule would be applicable. But I’m sure there’s one out there.
Actually, Mincha for Shabbos is marginally more frequent than the regular Musaf for Shabbos. For example, today [Shabbos Chol HaMoed] or on Shabbos Rosh Chodesh we say the regular Shabbos Mincha but not the regular Shabbos Musaf. But I think this is moot, as you are surely right about the main point - that the existence of Mincha is daily, while Musaf is not. (Or maybe the tedirut refers to the korban mincha, which I imagine was the same every day.)
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